ESAMTAC Student Final Examination v.2

Question 1 of 100

Which of the following is not characteristic of a microgrid?

Cannot be connected and disconnected from a major power grid
Group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources
Clearly defined electrical boundaries
Acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid

Question 2 of 100

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

Islanded mode
Emergency mode
Load shedding mode
Grid-connected mode

Question 3 of 100

Which type of microgrid is connected to a traditional utility, capable of operating in island mode, and has multiple generators and sophisticated controls?

large remote microgrid
small remote microgrid
large grid-connected microgrid
small grid-connected microgrid

Question 4 of 100

Which factor is not driving demand and affecting microgrid market development?

Reliability
Many available revenue streams
Availability of renewables
High demand for electricity in certain regions

Question 5 of 100

In an ac-coupled system, ______

output of the charge controller is connected to the system’s battery bank.
the battery bank is connected to the battery-based inverter which is responsible for inverting the dc energy to ac energy.
if the utility goes offline, harvested solar energy first flows to critical ac loads via the grid tied inverter and then to the battery bank via a different inverter.
The battery-based inverter is responsible for disconnecting the local electrical system from the utility.

Question 6 of 100

Distributed generation reciprocating engines used for combined heat and power generation have a greater electrical output range than gas turbine engines.

True
False

Question 7 of 100

Which of the following show promise for battery energy storage systems within microgrids?

Lead-acid battery energy storage systems
Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems
Nickel-hydride battery energy storage systems
Both lead-acid and lithium-ion depending on their applications

Question 8 of 100

Lithium ESS batteries need to have a float charge cycle.

True
False

Question 9 of 100

Which of the following is not a typical component of a battery cell?

Electrodes
Catalyst
Electrolyte
Separator

Question 10 of 100

State of charge is often estimated with?

Discharge current
Charge current
Open circuit voltage
Terminal voltage

Question 11 of 100

Lead-acid batteries with thicker plates and larger acid volume are typically for:

Higher power, lower energy
Lower power, higher energy

Question 12 of 100

The discharge rate of a battery is not affected by temperature.

True
False

Question 13 of 100

Deterioration, or ageing, of a battery is dependent on:

Number of consecutive charges and discharges
Depth of discharge
Internal resistance
All of the above

Question 14 of 100

As PV modules are wired in series and parallel voltage and current decrease.

True
False

Question 15 of 100

In order to mitigate solar PV variability, which of the following could be used?

Inverter smoothing / curtailment
Forecasting and ramp rate control
Energy storage
All of the above

Question 16 of 100

A microinverter typically connects to

A PV string
A PV module
A battery rectifier
A PLC

Question 17 of 100

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal voltage of each cell.

3.7 Volts
11.08 Volts
14.78 Volts
2.77 Volts

Question 18 of 100

An expression of the present battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity is

State of charge (SOC)
Terminal voltage
Open-circuit voltage
Internal resistance

Question 19 of 100

Tools needed to conduct wet cell electrolyte testing include

Hydrometer
Thermometer
Calculator
All of the above

Question 20 of 100

Above _________, the interrupting capability of ac equipment with double-breaking contacts (such as contactors) decreases strongly.

60 v
120 v
240 v
480 v

Question 21 of 100

To guarantee breaking of a short-circuit in a dc system, breakers must:

ensure rapid tripping with adequate breaking capacity
have a high fault current limiting capacity
have an overvoltage reduction effect
All of the above

Question 22 of 100

Energy storage systems and dc systems may require specialty meters to measure within ranges that are not found on regular meters

True
False

Question 23 of 100

When you open the door to a battery enclosure, the most important thing to do first is:

Check to make certain control power is off
Test all contactors
Ensure that there are no metal items that could fall in or shift, such as tools or panel covers
Measure voltage at the main breaker

Question 24 of 100

Single batteries, no longer in strings, do not have to be discharged to a recommended shipping voltage or SOC prior to removal and packing for disposal.

True
False

Question 25 of 100

Which of the following are hazards associated with moving batteries?

Shock
Chemical (burns)
Physical strain
All of the above

Question 26 of 100

When is it appropriate to perform individual voltage tests on a battery?

Upon delivery
Just prior to installation
Just after installation
All of the above

Question 27 of 100

When determining racking and battery risks, which of the following is not common to Lead Acid/VRLA?

Increased electrolyte spill mitigation
Increased ventilation for hydrogen gassing
Building sprinkler fire protection
Use of sensor(s) for oxygen levels

Question 28 of 100

According to the IEEE installation procedure, its recommendations supersede those provided by the manufacturer.

True
False

Question 29 of 100

Which of the following should be considered when determining a method of procedure for the installation of batteries in a rack?

Conductors
Grounding/bonding
Anchor bolts
All of the above

Question 30 of 100

Seismic racks typically differ from non-seismic racks by incorporating

Covers
Battery retainment means
Additional grounding provision
Mounting cushions

Question 31 of 100

Which of the following apply to safe handling and storage of batteries?

Pre-work inspections for egress paths, trip hazards and combustible materials
Clearance and load ratings of floors required by OSHA 1926.50 (a)
Protection of batteries during storage
All the above

Question 32 of 100

Batteries are very heavy and may require a lift table or several workers when racking them.

True
False

Question 33 of 100

If you have any questions concerning battery installation considerations, you should

Contact the battery manufacturer
Refer to national standards
Refer to local building codes
All of the above

Question 34 of 100

When racking batteries in relationship to a construction MOP, one should always consider:

Protection from short circuits
Space requirements
HVAC and fire suppression
All of the above

Question 35 of 100

When installing batteries in a rack, one should consider terminal orientation so that it is easier to make proper connections both in series and in parallel after installation.

True
False

Question 36 of 100

Four 6-volt lead-acid batteries are connected in series. What is the nominal voltage of the battery string?

6 volts
12 volts
24 volts
48 volts

Question 37 of 100

If cell voltage=3.7 V and charge capacity=9.6 Ah, calculate the total voltage and total energy capacity for a module of 48 cells connected in parallel.

Note: W(Wh) = q(Ah)*V(v)

3.7 V; 9.6 Ah
177.6 V; 9.6 Ah
3.7 V; 1,704.96 Wh
177.6 V; 1,704.96 Wh

Question 38 of 100

IEEE installation procedures state that as cells are installed one should:

Read battery voltages and make intercell and intersegment connections
Label cells
Read and record interconnection resistance
All of the above

Question 39 of 100

What can be done to reduce the exposure to shock when working on 12-volt batteries connected in a string producing a total of 480 volts?

Ground the battery string
Open the battery string into smaller segments
Use insulated connectors
Wear insulated safety shoes

Question 40 of 100

The risk of arc flash increases when batteries are installed in an enclosure.

True
False

Question 41 of 100

________ is a good material for resisting corrosion, therefore used in most connection hardware applications.

Zinc
Galvanized steel
Stainless steel
Aluminum

Question 42 of 100

Unless specified by the manufacturer, it is not necessary to clean terminal posts and connecting hardware prior to installation.

True
False

Question 43 of 100

The greatest risk from an improper connection is:

Short circuit
Loss of current
Heat buildup at the cable crimp
Corrosion

Question 44 of 100

A calibrated torque wrench is generally required to achieve the indicated torque value when tightening torque is indicated as a numeric value on equipment or in manufacturer’s installation instructions.

True
False

Question 45 of 100

Before constructing cables, one should:

Develop a cabling plan
Select appropriate cable and lugs
Select required tools and PPE
All of the above

Question 46 of 100

In a dc ESS having a max steady state current of 100 amps, and total length of wire with a resistance of .00224 ohms, the voltage drop is _______.

22.4 volts
2.24 volts
.224 volts
.0224 volts

Question 47 of 100

Calculations for conductor sizing show termination limitations require 2/0 AWG and conditions of use ampacity require 3/0 AWG. Which value should be used to determine conductor size?

2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
Either a. or b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 48 of 100

Thermal protection in a circuit breaker protects against short circuits and faults, which are drastically larger than an overload.

True
False

Question 49 of 100

Calculations for conductor sizing show termination limitations requiring 450 kcmil and conditions of use ampacity to require 400 kcmil. Which value should be used to determine conductor size?

400 kcmil
425 kcmil
450 kcmil
None of the above

Question 50 of 100

Wiring interfaces for a BMS often include

CAT5e
Shielded twisted pair
Custom harnesses
All of the above

Question 51 of 100

A shielded cable should have the shield terminated and grounded

At one end
At both ends
At every device
None, it should be floated

Question 52 of 100

Ethernet cabling must be terminated in a specific pair order

True
False

Question 53 of 100

Grounding is done by

Connecting the grounding system with zero potential
Connecting the grounding system with live supply
Connecting the grounding system with Earth
Connecting the grounding system with another close by system

Question 54 of 100

System grounding limits voltages imposed by

Unintentional contact
Lightning
Line surges
All of the above

Question 55 of 100

Grounding is done to limit hazardous ______ exposure.

Voltage
EMI
Thermal
Charge

Question 56 of 100

The purpose of grounding and bonding is to construct _________.

An effective ground-fault current path
A series circuit path
A parallel circuit path
All of the above

Question 57 of 100

What is the maximum circuit ampere value which doesn’t require system grounding for a dc system per 2020 NEC 250.162(A)?

0.3 Amperes
0.03 Amperes
0.003 Amperes
3.0 Amperes

Question 58 of 100

The NEC provides bonding requirements for conductive materials that are ________.

Foreign to the electrical equipment
Part of the electrical equipment
Part of the grounding system
All of the above

Question 59 of 100

What are the key values in monitoring BMS systems?

Pack current and voltage
Status of contactors
Cell temperature
All the above

Question 60 of 100

Out of the following options, which one is not a part of BMS systems and controls

Inverter/charger
Cell balancing circuits
Control algorithms
Generator fuel level

Question 61 of 100

What are the functions of BMS systems?

Cell protection
Management of charge/discharge
Balancing
All of the above

Question 62 of 100

A BMS balancing type where energy is transferred between cells and therefore is not wasted is called what?

Dissipative (passive)
Nondissipative (active)
Static
Terminal

Question 63 of 100

Space about battery systems must comply with working space required by NEC 110.26.

True
False

Question 64 of 100

Spill containment, neutralizing and disposal is governed by which of the following?

NFPA 1
IPC and IFP
IEEE 1578
All of the above

Question 65 of 100

In the event of an emergency relating to an ESS, who oversees the response?

First responders
Building occupants
Building owner
Installers

Question 66 of 100

The best reference for ESS special conditions can be found in NFPA 70:

Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7

Question 67 of 100

NEIS describes specific installation practices that go beyond the minimum safety requirements found in the NEC.

True
False

Question 68 of 100

Which of the following precautions should be taken when working around batteries?

Never smoke near batteries
Never wear metal jewelry
Never place objects on a battery
All of the above

Question 69 of 100

Overvoltage in Li-ion batteries may cause electrolyte decomposition leading to thermal runaway.

True
False

Question 70 of 100

What are the causes for internal short circuiting in Lithium-ion battery?

Thermal abuse
Separator failure
External fire
External short

Question 71 of 100

A hazard posed by lead-acid batteries is:

Hydrogen gas, produced by charging, which is a by-product that is explosive
Sulfuric acid, which is corrosive and can burn skin
Hydrogen sulfide, caused by overcharging, which is highly flammable and toxic
All the above

Question 72 of 100

Overcharging a lead-acid battery may produce:

Lead alloy, which is toxic
Lead acid, which is caustic
Hydrogen sulfide gas, which is highly flammable and toxic
All of the above

Question 73 of 100

Excessive charge and discharge rates to Li-ion batteries may cause

Electrolyte leakage
Thermal runaway
Galvanic corrosion
All of the above

Question 74 of 100

Which of the following present a fire risk from a lead-acid battery?

Hydrogen gas, which is the by-product of charging or storing
Hydrogen sulfide gas, which is a by-product of overcharging and battery decomposition
Shorted terminals, caused by mis-handling
All of the above

Question 75 of 100

In lead-acid chemistry, hydrogen is most likely present during:

Float charge
Discharge
Equalization
Always

Question 76 of 100

Ventilation requirements for lithium batteries have been established by:

OSHA 1910.178g2
NEC 706.10(A)
IEE 1635
Ventilation of gas is not typically required for lithium cells.

Question 77 of 100

What PPE should be used to deal with chemical hazards?

Acid resistant gloves
Arch flash clothing
Apron (acid resistant)
Both a and c

Question 78 of 100

The most common danger from a wet cell battery is sulfuric acid, one of its electrolyte components.

True
False

Question 79 of 100

Selecting the appropriate PPE for a battery installation can be done by utilizing a PPE flow chart to determine:

Chemical hazards
Arc flash/shock risks
Thermal hazards
All of the above

Question 80 of 100

Under normal circumstances, lithium batteries have no associated chemical risks

True
False

Question 81 of 100

Performing voltage testing on a battery energy storage system is justified energized work.

True
False

Question 82 of 100

Category 3 PPE for arc flash and shock risk includes clothing with a minimum incident energy rating of:

4 cal/cm2
8 cal/cm2
25 cal/cm2
40 cal/cm2

Question 83 of 100

If NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)15(b) “Arc-Flash PPE Categories for Direct Current (dc) Systems” cannot be used, what must be performed to select PPE?

A call to the manufacturer
An incident energy analysis
A load study
A coordination study

Question 84 of 100

The formula for performing a dc incident energy analysis can be found in what NFPA 70E informative annex?

A
B
C
D

Question 85 of 100

A spill kit can be used to:

Neutralize electrolyte
Absorb electrolyte
Contain electrolyte
All of the above

Question 86 of 100

The best place to secure emergency and first aid procedures in the event of an emergency involving batteries is from:

References from OSHA documents
References from IEEE documents
References from NECA documents
SDS provided by the manufacturer

Question 87 of 100

When performing a job hazard analysis what is the hierarchy of risk control order?

Administrative controls first, engineering controls second, PPE selection last
Engineering controls first, administrative controls second, PPE selection last
PPE selection first, administrative controls second, engineering controls last
PPE selection first, engineering controls second, administrative controls last

Question 88 of 100

When performing a job hazard analysis, one should:

Prepare for what is likely to happen
Plan for what might happen if something goes wrong
Have Fire/Rescue/HazMat crews on stand-by if necessary
All of the above

Question 89 of 100

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that chemical hazards produced by batteries include the potential of explosive gas; therefore, smoking in this working environment is prohibited.

True
False

Question 90 of 100

Work space requirements around battery energy storage systems must comply with those required by NFPA 70 (NEC) 110.26.

True
False

Question 91 of 100

Incident energy increases as the distance from arc fault decreases; therefore, increased PPE may be needed.

True
False

Question 92 of 100

2021 NFPA 70e Article 110 General Requirements for ESRWP states that all licensed electricians may use test instruments such as a voltage detector, multimeter or amprobe when working on a battery energy storage system.

True
False

Question 93 of 100

A qualified person may escort unqualified persons inside a LAB and inside a RAB.

True
False

Question 94 of 100

According to NFPA 70E Section 110.4 Energized Work, additional hazards or increased risks include:

Interruption of life support equipment
Deactivation of emergency alarm systems
Shutdown of hazardous location ventilation
All of the above

Question 95 of 100

In order to limit arc flash and shock hazards during the installation of a BMS, control wiring should take place ________.

In segmented battery arrays
Wearing appropriate PPE
By trained and qualified personnel
All of the above

Question 96 of 100

A qualified person may escort an unqualified person inside both a limited approach boundary (LAB) and restricted approach boundary (RAB).

True
False

Question 97 of 100

NFPA 70E 320.3(A)(1) states the energy threshold for dc systems is ______ volts.

48
50
100
240

Question 98 of 100

The arc flash boundary (AFB) may be larger than the limited approach boundary (LAB).

True
False

Question 99 of 100

How can the exact available short circuit current values be determined for a battery energy storage system?

Calculate from individual batteries
Contact OSHA
Contact manufacturer
Contact NECA

Question 100 of 100

You should always wear the highest-rated arc-flash PPE you have available.

True
False

ESAMTAC Student Final Examination v.2

Quiz Summary

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Results

Results

Categories

1. Question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a microgrid?

2. Question

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

3. Question

Which type of microgrid is connected to a traditional utility, capable of operating in island mode, and has multiple generators and sophisticated controls?

4. Question

Which factor is not driving demand and affecting microgrid market development?

5. Question

In an ac-coupled system, ______

6. Question

Distributed generation reciprocating engines used for combined heat and power generation have a greater electrical output range than gas turbine engines.

7. Question

Which of the following show promise for battery energy storage systems within microgrids?

8. Question

Lithium ESS batteries need to have a float charge cycle.

9. Question

Which of the following is not a typical component of a battery cell?

10. Question

State of charge is often estimated with?

11. Question

Lead-acid batteries with thicker plates and larger acid volume are typically for:

12. Question

The discharge rate of a battery is not affected by temperature.

13. Question

Deterioration, or ageing, of a battery is dependent on:

14. Question

As PV modules are wired in series and parallel voltage and current decrease.

15. Question

In order to mitigate solar PV variability, which of the following could be used?

16. Question

A microinverter typically connects to

17. Question

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO2 cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal voltage of each cell.

18. Question

An expression of the present battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity is

19. Question

20. Question

Above _________, the interrupting capability of ac equipment with double-breaking contacts (such as contactors) decreases strongly.

21. Question

To guarantee breaking of a short-circuit in a dc system, breakers must:

22. Question

Energy storage systems and dc systems may require specialty meters to measure within ranges that are not found on regular meters

23. Question

When you open the door to a battery enclosure, the most important thing to do first is:

24. Question

Single batteries, no longer in strings, do not have to be discharged to a recommended shipping voltage or SOC prior to removal and packing for disposal.

25. Question

Which of the following are hazards associated with moving batteries?

26. Question

When is it appropriate to perform individual voltage tests on a battery?

27. Question

When determining racking and battery risks, which of the following is not common to Lead Acid/VRLA?

28. Question

According to the IEEE installation procedure, its recommendations supersede those provided by the manufacturer.

29. Question

Which of the following should be considered when determining a method of procedure for the installation of batteries in a rack?

30. Question

Seismic racks typically differ from non-seismic racks by incorporating

31. Question

Which of the following apply to safe handling and storage of batteries?

32. Question

Batteries are very heavy and may require a lift table or several workers when racking them.

33. Question

If you have any questions concerning battery installation considerations, you should

34. Question

When racking batteries in relationship to a construction MOP, one should always consider:

35. Question

When installing batteries in a rack, one should consider terminal orientation so that it is easier to make proper connections both in series and in parallel after installation.

36. Question

Four 6-volt lead-acid batteries are connected in series. What is the nominal voltage of the battery string?

37. Question

If cell voltage=3.7 V and charge capacity=9.6 Ah, calculate the total voltage and total energy capacity for a module of 48 cells connected in parallel.

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal voltage of each cell.