ESAMTAC Student Final Examination

Question 1 of 401

Which of the following is not characteristic of a microgrid?

Cannot be connected and disconnected from a major power grid
Group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources
Clearly defined electrical boundaries
Acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid

Question 2 of 401

Microgrids can operate in both normal mode (connected to the grid) and in islanded mode (on their own).

True
False

Question 3 of 401

A microgrid __________

Is defined as a group if interconnected loads and distributed energy generation sources
Acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid
Can operate in both grid-connected and island mode
All of the above

Question 4 of 401

Which of the following does a microgrid not do?

Integrate, store and distribute energy to and from multiple sources
Fulfill energy requests when the centralized grid suffers from heavy demand, such as during peak usage hours
Prevent quality of service premium compared to the grid
Optimize energy collection, storage and delivery – thus opening up new revenue streams for microgrid providers

Question 5 of 401

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

Islanded mode
Emergency mode
Load shedding mode
Grid-connected mode

Question 6 of 401

Which factor is not driving demand and affecting microgrid market development?

Reliability
Many available revenue streams
Availability of renewables
High demand for electricity in certain regions

Question 7 of 401

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

Emergency mode
Load shedding mode
Grid-connected mode
Islanded mode

Question 8 of 401

Which of the following images depicts a small remote microgrid system?

Question 9 of 401

Microgrids can help enable renewable energy by managing intermittency.

True
False

Question 10 of 401

Which type of microgrid is connected to a traditional utility, capable of operating in island mode, and has multiple generators and sophisticated controls?

large remote microgrid
small remote microgrid
large grid-connected microgrid
small grid-connected microgrid

Question 11 of 401

Which of the following is not value added by microgrids?

Reliability
Power quality
Sustainability
Bulk generation

Question 12 of 401

Which type of microgrid has multiple generators, substantial distribution and sophisticated controls which enable it to be connected to a traditional utility, but also operate independently in island mode?

Large remote microgrid
Small remote microgrid
Large grid-connected microgrid
Small grid-connected microgrid

Question 13 of 401

Which of the following is contributing to the expected trajectory of the microgrid market?

Leading manufacturers such as ABB, General Electric, Schneider Electric and Siemens have all established microgrid business in the last few years
Microgrid spending has the potential to deliver an annual compound growth rate of more than 20 percent
In 2016 the U.S. Senate passed a broad energy bill that included a requirement for the Department of Energy to establish a program to promote microgrid systems
All of the above

Question 14 of 401

Other sources of electrical generation technologies for microgrids include

Wind
Biomass
Micro-hydro power
All of the above

Question 15 of 401

Microgrids are considered sustainable when their energy sources are renewable.

True
False

Question 16 of 401

Interactive inverter power ratings are based on:

Maximum dc input current
Maximum continuous ac power and current output
Power ratings that are thermally-limited by the operating temperature of their switching elements
All of the above

Question 17 of 401

Smart inverters are capable of:

Volt/VAR response
Voltage and frequency ride-through
Addressing ramp rate issues
All of the above

Question 18 of 401

In an ac-coupled system, ______

output of the charge controller is connected to the system’s battery bank.
the battery bank is connected to the battery-based inverter which is responsible for inverting the dc energy to ac energy.
if the utility goes offline, harvested solar energy first flows to critical ac loads via the grid tied inverter and then to the battery bank via a different inverter.
The battery-based inverter is responsible for disconnecting the local electrical system from the utility.

Question 19 of 401

Which of these inverters can be used in a grid-connected and islanded mode?

Stand-alone inverters
Grid-connected inverters
Hybrid inverters
All of the above

Question 20 of 401

When installing a combined heat and power (CHP) microturbine

Grounding is mandatory
Circuit breakers or fused disconnects must be installed
Grid connection must be UL1741 compliant
All of the above

Question 21 of 401

Which of the following is not an electrical output variable of a combined heat and power (CHP) microturbine?

Output KVA
Output current
Exhaust temperature
Short circuit rating

Question 22 of 401

Distributed generation reciprocating engines used for combined heat and power generation have a greater electrical output range than gas turbine engines.

True
False

Question 23 of 401

Combined heat and power gas turbines:

Have lower exhaust temperatures than reciprocating engines.
Typically produce fewer emissions than reciprocating engines per unit energy converted to work.
Can quickly supply electricity on demand as backup.
Have greater efficiency at part load than reciprocating engines.

Question 24 of 401

Combined heat and power systems

Exhibit cogeneration which simultaneously generate electricity while recovering heat
Are more efficient than traditional systems due to utilization of thermal energy for heating loads
Can function as back-up generators
All of the above

Question 25 of 401

The components of a typical fuel cell include an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte membrane.

True
False

Question 26 of 401

Fuel cells can directly produce ac energy without being connected to an inverter.

True
False

Question 27 of 401

Lead-acid batteries with thicker plates and larger acid volume are typically for:

Higher power, lower energy
Lower power, higher energy

Question 28 of 401

Which of the following show promise for battery energy storage systems within microgrids?

Lead-acid battery energy storage systems
Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems
Nickel-hydride battery energy storage systems
Both lead-acid and lithium-ion depending on their applications

Question 29 of 401

The efficiency and output of a solar PV system is based on:

It’s geographical location
It’s angle towards the direction of the sun
The weather conditions it is exposed to
All of the above

Question 30 of 401

Which of the following will an inverter/charger not do?

Convert dc to ac
Convert ac to dc
Store electricity
Regulate battery charging

Question 31 of 401

An ESS is commonly referred to in what units?

Volts & Amps
Hz & Ohms
BTUs
kW & kWh

Question 32 of 401

Lithium ESS batteries need to have a float charge cycle.

True
False

Question 33 of 401

List the components of a battery system from smallest to largest.

array, module, pack, cell, block
pack, cell, module, block, system
cell, module, pack, array
block, module, pack, cell, system

Question 34 of 401

Name the smallest component of an electrochemical energy storage system (battery) that stores chemical energy.

Block
Pack
Cell
Module

Question 35 of 401

Which of the following is the most common voltage for batteries comprising a small UPS energy storage system?

6 volts
12 volts
24 volts
48 volts

Question 36 of 401

Which of the following is not a typical component of a battery cell?

Electrodes
Catalyst
Electrolyte
Separator

Question 37 of 401

State of charge is often estimated with?

Discharge current
Charge current
Open circuit voltage
Terminal voltage

Question 38 of 401

Which of the following is not a common battery chemistry?

Lead-acid
Lithium-ion
Aluminum-hydroxide
Nickel-metal hydride

Question 39 of 401

Battery specifications typically include:

Discharge rate (C-rate)
Nominal voltage
Charge and energy capacity
All of the above

Question 40 of 401

Which of the following is not a component of a lead-acid battery?

Positive plates made of lead dioxide
Negative plates made of lead
Electrolyte comprised of sulfuric acid solution
Electrolyte comprised of lithium salt solution

Question 41 of 401

To dispose of batteries properly, contacting the manufacturer is an appropriate first step.

True
False

Question 42 of 401

The positive plate during discharge is the:

Cathode
Anode

Question 43 of 401

Batteries are rated according to?

Amp hours (Ah)
Size
Weight
Electrolyte volume

Question 44 of 401

An aging battery loses capacity due to:

Terminal corrosion
Obstruction build-up in the electrolyte
Power fade
All of the above

Question 45 of 401

The discharge rate of a battery is not affected by temperature.

True
False

Question 46 of 401

The available discharge rate of a battery decreases over time.

True
False

Question 47 of 401

Which of the following best describes a 0.5 C-rate (or C/2) during a discharge?

A 0.5A discharge current
A discharge current that will result in a 50% discharge after a 1/2 hour
The rated discharge current for a half-hour full discharge
The rated discharge current for a 2-hour full discharge

Question 48 of 401

The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity is:

Available capacity
DOD
SOC
Nameplate capacity

Question 49 of 401

Deterioration, or ageing, of a battery is dependent on:

Number of consecutive charges and discharges
Depth of discharge
Internal resistance
All of the above

Question 50 of 401

Which of the following is not a type of distributed generation of electricity?

Micro-hydro
Wind
Nuclear power
Fuel cells

Question 51 of 401

Which of the following are alternate types of energy storage?

Pumped Hydro
Compressed air
Flow batteries
All of the above

Question 52 of 401

Which of the following is not a component of an ESS?

Battery
Inverter
Charge Controller
Solar Module

Question 53 of 401

Stored lead-acid batteries self-discharge and may require freshening charges prior to installation if they remain in storage.

True
False

Question 54 of 401

In order for batteries to be disposed of properly, special precautions must be taken based on the battery chemistry.

True
False

Question 55 of 401

How much time will a lithium-ion battery array take to discharge at 5C?

3mins
10mins
12mins
15mins

Question 56 of 401

As PV modules are wired in series and parallel voltage and current decrease.

True
False

Question 57 of 401

Which of the following is not part the hierarchy of the components of a PV system as it is assembled?

Cells are assembled into modules
Modules are assembled into arrays
Arrays are assembled into systems
Panels are assembled into a microgrid

Question 58 of 401

In PV string calculations __________

Modules in series accumulate voltage, but the current remains constant
Modules in a series accumulate current, but the voltage remains constant
Modules in a series accumulate voltage and current
All of the above

Question 59 of 401

In a PV system which is grid connected, which of the following is not necessary for supplying electricity to the utility company?

Inverter
Transformer
Battery array
Point of interconnection

Question 60 of 401

In order to mitigate solar PV variability, which of the following could be used?

Inverter smoothing / curtailment
Forecasting and ramp rate control
Energy storage
All of the above

Question 61 of 401

Which type of inverter produces synchronous ac power, regulates PV array battery charging, sends excess power to the grid and can operate during grid outages?

Stand-alone inverters
Grid-connected inverters
Bi-modal inverters
Di-hybrid inverters

Question 62 of 401

A microinverter typically connects to

A PV string
A PV module
A battery rectifier
A PLC

Question 63 of 401

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal voltage of each cell.

3.7 Volts
11.08 Volts
14.78 Volts
2.77 Volts

Question 64 of 401

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal capacity of each cell.

2.6 AH
0.866 AH
0.861 AH
0.65 AH

Question 65 of 401

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate total energy capacity of the array.

66.39 kWhr
1.248 kWhr
13.82 KWhr
1.382 KWhr

Question 66 of 401

An battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity of 124.8 AH. Calculate the current delivered at a 2C rate.

5.2Amps
62.4 Amps
124.8 Amps
249.6 Amps

Question 67 of 401

An expression of the present battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity is

State of charge (SOC)
Terminal voltage
Open-circuit voltage
Internal resistance

Question 68 of 401

As the internal resistance inside a battery increases, _______

Battery efficiency increases and thermal stability is increased
Battery efficiency decreases and thermal stability is reduced
Battery efficiency remains the same and thermal stability is unchanged
Battery efficiency is not related to internal resistance

Question 69 of 401

The ratio of the density of electrolyte to the density of water is specific gravity which correlates to:

Battery current
Battery state of charge
Battery weight
All of the above

Question 70 of 401

Tools needed to conduct wet cell electrolyte testing include

Hydrometer
Thermometer
Calculator
All of the above

Question 71 of 401

Equipment needed to conduct wet cell electrolyte testing includes:

Eyewash station and fire extinguisher
PPE that protects against acid burns
Spill kit
All of the above

Question 72 of 401

The purpose of wet cell electrolyte testing is to

Assure consistent battery performance and health
Prevent physical damage to the battery casing
Charge the battery
All of the above

Question 73 of 401

The battery output conductors are always terminated to the battery before the disconnect.

True
False

Question 74 of 401

Above _________, the interrupting capability of ac equipment with double-breaking contacts (such as contactors) decreases strongly.

60 v
120 v
240 v
480 v

Question 75 of 401

Thermal protection in a circuit breaker protects against short circuits and faults, which are drastically larger than overload.

True
False

Question 76 of 401

In most applications, direct current has a zero-amplitude crossing opportunity to quench the arc.

True
False

Question 77 of 401

For dc circuits, as voltage increases, it is necessary to _____________ in series.

decrease the number of current interruptions
increase the number of current interruptions
insure that the number of current interruptions remain constant
eliminate the current interruptions

Question 78 of 401

DC disconnect switches, both fusible and non-fusible, share similar traits with ______ across all voltage ranges.

Breakers for ac use
Breakers for dc use
Both a. and b.
Neither a. or b.

Question 79 of 401

To guarantee breaking of a short-circuit in a dc system, breakers must:

ensure rapid tripping with adequate breaking capacity
have a high fault current limiting capacity
have an overvoltage reduction effect
All of the above

Question 80 of 401

In an ESS, the maximum current shall be the continuous inverter input current rating when the inverter is producing rated power at the _________ input voltage.

Lowest
Highest
Mid-range
None of the above

Question 81 of 401

Direct current (dc) is more difficult to interrupt at high voltages and currents than alternating current (ac).

True
False

Question 82 of 401

Energy storage systems and dc systems may require specialty meters to measure within ranges that are not found on regular meters

True
False

Question 83 of 401

What is the first thing that should be done in developing an MOP for an ESS retrofit?

Confirm that it is a suitable and safe working environment
Compare your drawings and plans to the work space to make sure there are no major changes (such as walls being moved), sufficient support of the floors to bear the added weight, and access ability for non-qualified personnel
Confirm that the equipment will fit in the space intended
Confirm that there will be adequate clearances for the working space as well as conduit and cable entries

Question 84 of 401

The best way to remove power from an ESS system is:

Throwing switches
Throwing breakers
Using the emergency stop circuit
Using controls software

Question 85 of 401

What is the final step prior to opening or entering ESS equipment?

If the site controller indicates that the inverter is turned off
Once the ac disconnect is open
Once the lock-out/tag-out procedure is performed
Once voltage and currents have been measured at zero (or a pre-planned expected value)

Question 86 of 401

When reinstalling batteries in an enclosure, the greatest danger is:

Intercell jumpers or conductors
Making poor connections
A reversed polarity between strings and segments could have catastrophic effects when the contactors are closed
Forgetting to label the components

Question 87 of 401

When you open the door to a battery enclosure, the most important thing to do first is:

Check to make certain control power is off
Test all contactors
Ensure that there are no metal items that could fall in or shift, such as tools or panel covers
Measure voltage at the main breaker

Question 88 of 401

After a battery enclosure door is open, dc switches have been opened, and the contactors have been confirmed open one should:

Confirm that each segment has a voltage within acceptable ranges
Test all contactors
Ensure that lock out/tag out has been performed
Measure voltage at the main breaker

Question 89 of 401

When removing batteries from an ESS, to minimize potential arc hazards one should:

Detach the cable ends
Remove the inter-row jumpers to segment the array
Remove the BMS wires
Remove the connection between the battery array and the breaker

Question 90 of 401

Placing batteries with open terminals can pose great shock and arc hazards should any metal such as covers, tools, ladders, etc. short one or multiple batteries.

True
False

Question 91 of 401

Single batteries, no longer in strings, do not have to be discharged to a recommended shipping voltage or SOC prior to removal and packing for disposal.

True
False

Question 92 of 401

In a containerized ESS, once the electrical risks and voltage potentials have been brought to the minimal levels, the grounding and bonding connections can be removed prior to the removal and shipment of the container.

True
False

Question 93 of 401

IEE 1187-2013 states that if the manufacturer has not provided sufficient information one should:

Verify cell voltage
Perform an internal ohmic measurement
Clean dust and dirt of cells and containers
All of the above

Question 94 of 401

Prior to performing any work inside a battery enclosure, confirm _________

that all breakers and disconnects are open
that all breakers and disconnects locked and tagged out
that there is no parallel voltage present
All of the above

Question 95 of 401

Which of the following are hazards associated with moving batteries?

Shock
Chemical (burns)
Physical strain
All of the above

Question 96 of 401

An unapproved lubricant used when sliding batteries onto racks could deteriorate the battery enclosures causing them to eventually leak.

True
False

Question 97 of 401

Which of the following should the inspection of batteries and the location of installation address?

Abnormal battery area ambient temperature
Electrolyte leakage or presence of electrolyte on cell covers
Cracked cells or flame arrestors
All of the above

Question 98 of 401

What data is required when performing voltage testing?

Battery chemistry
Connectors per cell
Number of cells per battery
All of the above

Question 99 of 401

When is it appropriate to perform individual voltage tests on a battery?

Upon delivery
Just prior to installation
Just after installation
All of the above

Question 100 of 401

When unpacking batteries:

Never lift batteries by terminals, bus work or cabling
Check for evidence of leakage
Check for visible defects and loose terminals
All of the above

Question 101 of 401

Acceptance testing procedures for batteries includes:

Inspection for physical damage
Voltage testing
Inspection for abnormal smell, moisture and corrosion
All of the above

Question 102 of 401

IEE 1187-2013 states that for acceptance testing procedures of batteries one should:

Verify cell voltages
Clearly mark and segregate all damaged batteries or battery cells
Refer to SDS for spill instructions and required PPE
All of the above

Question 103 of 401

Spill containment is dictated by

Presence of liquid electrolyte
Local jurisdiction
Volume of electrolyte
All the above

Question 104 of 401

A battery enclosure is often used when

Space is limited
Voltage exceeds 48V
The area is accessible to non-authorized personnel
Inside battery rooms

Question 105 of 401

AGM and lithium mounting racks are typically interchangeable

True
False

Question 106 of 401

Seismic racks typically differ from non-seismic racks by incorporating

Covers
Battery retainment means
Additional grounding provision
Mounting cushions

Question 107 of 401

What is required by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151(c) if any person is exposed to injurious corrosive materials?

Neutralizing agents
Disposal bags
PPE such as gloves, goggles, apron/coveralls
Eyewash station or shower

Question 108 of 401

An electrolyte spill kit includes

Neutralizing agents
Disposal bags
PPE such as gloves, goggles, apron/coveralls
All of the above

Question 109 of 401

Which of the following should be utilized to determine the PPE required for a specific battery installation?

Battery data sheet
NECA 416
OSHA regulations
Battery PPE decision flowchart and associated code sections and tables

Question 110 of 401

Which of the following should be considered when determining a method of procedure for the installation of batteries in a rack?

Conductors
Grounding/bonding
Anchor bolts
All of the above

Question 111 of 401

Li-ion batteries present racking risks because of

High energy density
Large modules racked in small cabinets / confined spaces
Potential for thermal runaway
All of the above

Question 112 of 401

Which of the following is not common to a battery enclosure?

Cable managers (vertical and horizontal)
Grounding terminal
Environmental monitor and probe
Sprinkler system

Question 113 of 401

Seismic racks for batteries are required by:

International Building Code 1613 in recognized seismic areas
ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
IEEE 693 – Seismic Design of Substations
All of the above

Question 114 of 401

According to the IEEE installation procedure, its recommendations supersede those provided by the manufacturer.

True
False

Question 115 of 401

If you have questions concerning the overall installation of batteries, you should:

Contact the battery manufacturer
Reference OSHA documents
Reference NECA documents
All of the above

Question 116 of 401

Battery enclosure and rack component requirements are determined by

The manufacturer
The application
Codes and standards
All of the above

Question 117 of 401

When assembling a battery rack, determining access requirements, and determining placement, one should always check:

Local building codes
Manufacturer’s installation guidelines and manuals
Seismic racking codes
NEC 70 E

Question 118 of 401

When determining racking and battery risks, which of the following is not common to Lead Acid/VRLA?

Increased electrolyte spill mitigation
Increased ventilation for hydrogen gassing
Building sprinkler fire protection
Use of sensor(s) for oxygen levels

Question 119 of 401

Which of the following apply to safe handling and storage of batteries?

Pre-work inspections for egress paths, trip hazards and combustible materials
Clearance and load ratings of floors required by OSHA 1926.50 (a)
Protection of batteries during storage
All the above

Question 120 of 401

Which of the following can be used to install batteries in racks or enclosures due their heavy weight?

Fork lift
Lift table
Overhead crane
All the above

Question 121 of 401

If a battery is difficult to maneuver, it is acceptable to use its posts to increase leverage.

True
False

Question 122 of 401

One should never lift or move a battery by its

Case
Removable handle
Terminal posts
All of the above

Question 123 of 401

A good way to avoid short circuits when installing batteries is to:

Wear insulated work boots
Utilize insulated mats
Wear an arc flash hood
All of the above

Question 124 of 401

Batteries are very heavy and may require a lift table or several workers when racking them.

True
False

Question 125 of 401

According to NEC 480.10 the minimum clearance between a battery terminal and the containment wall needs to be at least

1 inch
1 foot
1 yard
Varies depending on battery type

Question 126 of 401

A permanent leak containment enclosure is required for which of the following

Flooded battery
Li-Ion battery
Ni-Cad battery
All of the above

Question 127 of 401

Which of the following are concerns that need to be addressed when staging batteries on a job site?

Temperature of environment
Physical location (sufficient space)
Weight of cells
All of the above

Question 128 of 401

If you have any questions concerning battery installation considerations, you should

Contact the battery manufacturer
Refer to national standards
Refer to local building codes
All of the above

Question 129 of 401

This image is an example of a:

5-tier rack
Seismic rack
Battery enclosure
UPS system

Question 130 of 401

Considering polarity and chemical hazards are important when racking batteries.

True
False

Question 131 of 401

Active ventilation is required for all batteries that may release gas.

True
False

Question 132 of 401

When racking batteries in relationship to a construction MOP, one should always consider:

Protection from short circuits
Space requirements
HVAC and fire suppression
All of the above

Question 133 of 401

When lifting and moving large wet cell batteries, one should:

Lift batteries from the bottom or factory installed handles
Never tip batteries more than 10 degrees from vertical
Utilize a lift table or similar equipment
All of the above

Question 134 of 401

Typically, racking manufacturers recommend working _______ on multi-tier racks:

From top to bottom
From bottom to top
From right to left
From left to right

Question 135 of 401

One should not work from top to bottom when there is a tipping hazard:

True
False

Question 136 of 401

When installing batteries in a rack, one should consider terminal orientation so that it is easier to make proper connections both in series and in parallel after installation.

True
False

Question 137 of 401

When installing batteries in a rack, cells/batteries should be arranged so that the first and last (most positive and negative) batteries of a string are located on the same end of the rack.

True
False
Dependent on installation requirements

Question 138 of 401

Manufacturer approved lubricant should be used to aid in sliding batteries along racks.

True
False

Question 139 of 401

Four 6-volt lead-acid batteries are connected in series. What is the nominal voltage of the battery string?

6 volts
12 volts
24 volts
48 volts

Question 140 of 401

Which of the following is generally used when making connections between racks, tiers, rows and aisles?

Plates
Flexible cable
Intercell connectors
Jumpers

Question 141 of 401

Prior to installation of cells, a plan should be developed based on a connection diagram to avoid polarity issues.

True
False

Question 142 of 401

IEEE installation procedures state that as cells are installed one should:

Read battery voltages and make intercell and intersegment connections
Label cells
Read and record interconnection resistance
All of the above

Question 143 of 401

IEEE installation procedures state that as cells are installed one should:

Check polarity
Clean terminal posts and connecting hardware
Make interconnections and torque according to manufacturer’s specifications
All of the above

Question 144 of 401

When cells are connected in a parallel circuit

Voltage accumulates, current is unchanged
Current accumulates, voltage is unchanged
Energy is unchanged
All of the above

Question 145 of 401

When cells are connected in a series circuit _________.

Voltage accumulates, current is unchanged
Current accumulates, energy is unchanged
Energy is unchanged
All of the above

Question 146 of 401

If cell voltage=3.7 V and charge capacity=9.6 Ah, calculate the total voltage and total energy capacity for a module of 48 cells connected in parallel.

Note: W(Wh) = q(Ah)*V(v)

3.7 V; 9.6 Ah
177.6 V; 9.6 Ah
3.7 V; 1,704.96 Wh
177.6 V; 1,704.96 Wh

Question 147 of 401

A lithium-ion battery has a 1C rated capacity of 128ah, what is a likely capacity at a 2C-rate?

64 Ah
100 Ah
128 Ah
256 Ah

Question 148 of 401

Name the smallest component of an electrochemical energy storage system (ESS) that stores chemical energy.

Block
Pack
Cell
Module

Question 149 of 401

Four 6-volt lead-acid batteries are connected in series. They are rated at 2000 amps Isc. What is the short circuit current of the battery string?

333.3 A
500 A
2000 A
8000 A

Question 150 of 401

Connectors are sized for

Battery size
Minimum voltage drop between cells
Battery chemistry
All of the above

Question 151 of 401

It is impossible to lock out voltage from the terminals of batteries other than by providing an insulation barrier.

True
False

Question 152 of 401

What can be done to reduce the exposure to shock when working on 12-volt batteries connected in a string producing a total of 480 volts?

Ground the battery string
Open the battery string into smaller segments
Use insulated connectors
Wear insulated safety shoes

Question 153 of 401

As batteries are connected in series, the voltage does not accumulate but remains as that of the individual cells; therefore, the initial PPE category selected does not need to be increased.

True
False

Question 154 of 401

Which of the following are exposures that present risks when working on a dc battery energy storage system?

Voltage
Stored energy
Chemical
All of the above

Question 155 of 401

The parallel connection of batteries or battery segments greatly increases the potential of short-circuit current and may change the PPE category and arc-flash boundary.

True
False

Question 156 of 401

The risk of arc flash increases when batteries are installed in an enclosure.

True
False

Question 157 of 401

The number and thickness of connectors is a function of

Electrical requirements
Battery construction
Application
All of the above

Question 158 of 401

The greatest risk from an improper connection is:

Short circuit
Loss of current
Heat buildup at the cable crimp
Corrosion

Question 159 of 401

What is generally used to make connections between racks, tiers, steps, rows, and isles?

Lead plated copper connectors
Tin plated copper connectors
Flexible cable
Shielded twisted pair

Question 160 of 401

Intercell and intersegment connections should only be made after:

Each cell is labeled
Individual and battery segment voltages are measured and deemed correct
Interconnection resistance is measured and deemed in range
None of the above

Question 161 of 401

What type of connector is typically used to terminate flexible cable?

Compression lug
LT adaptor
Mechanical lug
Threaded bolt

Question 162 of 401

Which type of connector is used in battery systems that exhibit thermal contraction and expansion, have the need for frequent battery replacement and exhibit limited work space?

Lead plated copper connectors
Tin plated copper connectors
Flexible cable
Shielded twisted pair

Question 163 of 401

Battery connectors are sized for:

Materials of which they are comprised
Minimum voltage drop between cells
Battery construction
Battery type

Question 164 of 401

Which finely stranded cable has 19 strands of cable in sizes 18 AWG to 2 AWG, 37 strands of cable in sizes 1 AWG to 4/0 AWG, and 61 strands of cable in sizes 250 kcmil to 500 kcmil?

Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E

Question 165 of 401

NEC 110.14 states that solid electrical connections should be made by torqueing according to:

Manufacturer’s guidelines
OSHA guidelines
IEEE guidelines
None of the above

Question 166 of 401

Torqueing of battery connections is done to:

Prevent equipment damage
Prevent personal injury
Both a. and b.
None of the above

Question 167 of 401

When checking polarity and measuring voltage of each cell installed in a rack, it is important to:

Verify that the multimeter to be used has the appropriate range according to battery specs
Correct and note mismatched voltages and reversed polarities
Avoid short circuits because batteries are always live
All of the above

Question 168 of 401

When making battery connections, _____________ could be the result of over-torque.

Loose connections
Stripped connections
Equipment damage or personal injury
All of the above

Question 169 of 401

What type of tools are required for all work on live battery components?

Torqueing
Rubber coated
Ratcheted
Non sparking, insulated

Question 170 of 401

Unless specified by the manufacturer, it is not necessary to clean terminal posts and connecting hardware prior to installation.

True
False

Question 171 of 401

A common corrosion inhibitor used for battery terminals is:

Lithium grease
Petroleum jelly
No-Ox grease
Graphite grease

Question 172 of 401

A good material for cleaning lead-acid battery terminals that have corroded is:

Vinegar solution
Bicarbonate of soda (baking soda) solution
Distilled water
Ammonium hydroxide (bleach) solution

Question 173 of 401

It is appropriate to grease nut/bolt hardware:

Before assembly
During assembly
After assembly
When most convenient

Question 174 of 401

________ is a good material for resisting corrosion, therefore used in most connection hardware applications.

Zinc
Galvanized steel
Stainless steel
Aluminum

Question 175 of 401

Which of the following are common connectors recommended by battery manufacturers?

Lead plated copper connectors
Tin plated copper connectors
Flexible cable
All of the above

Question 176 of 401

A calibrated torque wrench is generally required to achieve the indicated torque value when tightening torque is indicated as a numeric value on equipment or in manufacturer’s installation instructions.

True
False

Question 177 of 401

Flexible cable is often used in battery systems where

Thermal contraction and expansion occurs
There is a need to remove batteries for maintenance
There is limited working space in enclosures
All of the above

Question 178 of 401

It is the _______ responsibility to make sure that the lugs/terminals within the equipment being ordered is approved for the type of cable intended for the installation.

Battery manufacturer's
Cable manufacturer's
Installer's
Field inspector's

Question 179 of 401

Fine stranded cables are terminated with

LT adaptors
Compression lugs
Lock washers
Threaded bolts

Question 180 of 401

Before constructing cables, one should:

Develop a cabling plan
Select appropriate cable and lugs
Select required tools and PPE
All of the above

Question 181 of 401

As batteries are connected in series which of the following occurs?

Voltage increases
Available current increases
Available current decreases
Both voltage and available current increases

Question 182 of 401

As the length of wire in a dc circuit increases the voltage __________.

increases
decreases
remains the same
spikes

Question 183 of 401

Voltage drop in dc systems is a __________.

code issue
performance issue
safety issue
all of the above

Question 184 of 401

In a dc ESS having a max steady state current of 100 amps, and total length of wire with a resistance of .00224 ohms, the voltage drop is _______.

22.4 volts
2.24 volts
.224 volts
.0224 volts

Question 185 of 401

Calculations for conductor sizing show termination limitations require 2/0 AWG and conditions of use ampacity require 3/0 AWG. Which value should be used to determine conductor size?

2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
Either a. or b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 186 of 401

Which of the following can greatly degrade the health of an entire ESS?

Unnecessary cable lengths
High resistance connections
Poor workmanship resulting in bad connections
All of the above

Question 187 of 401

The series connections of battery modules require an increase in conductor size.

True
False

Question 188 of 401

In ESSs, flexible fine stranded cables shall only be used with ________ in accordance with 110.14.

Terminals
Lugs
Connectors
All of the above

Question 189 of 401

2020 NEC 706.15 Disconnecting Means states that for energy storage systems:

A disconnecting means shall be readily accessible and within sight of the ESS
Lockable in the open position
Labeled with arc-flash information
All of the above

Question 190 of 401

2020 NEC 706.31 Overcurrent Protection states that overcurrent protection devices, either fuses or circuits breakers, used in any dc portion of an ESS shall have the appropriate voltage, current and interrupting ratings for the application.

True
False

Question 191 of 401

Thermal protection in a circuit breaker protects against short circuits and faults, which are drastically larger than an overload.

True
False

Question 192 of 401

When a fused disconnect is utilized, the line terminals of the disconnecting means shall be

Connected away from the energy storage system terminals
Connected toward the energy storage system terminals

Question 193 of 401

The ampacity of the feeder circuit conductors from the ESS to the wiring system, serving the loads to be serviced by the system, shall not be less than the greater of the:

nameplates(s) rated circuit current as determined in accordance with 706.20(A)
rating of the ESSs overcurrent protection devices
both a. and b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 194 of 401

Calculations for conductor sizing show termination limitations requiring 450 kcmil and conditions of use ampacity to require 400 kcmil. Which value should be used to determine conductor size?

400 kcmil
425 kcmil
450 kcmil
None of the above

Question 195 of 401

The electric arc in a double-break contact system can continue to burn after an OCPD is tripped if the dc voltage wasn’t considered accurately.

True
False

Question 196 of 401

Where ESS input and output terminals are more than 1.5 m (5 ft) from a connected OCPD or where the circuits from these terminals pass through a wall or partition, overcurrent protection shall be provided ____________________.

at the input and output terminals
beyond the input and output terminals
between the input and output terminals and the ESS
at the ESS

Question 197 of 401

Cable insulation properties and applications are covered in NEC [2017] Table 310.104(A), and/or NEC [2020] Table 310.4(A).

True
False

Question 198 of 401

Wiring methods used for ESSs are covered by _________.

OSHA
UL 1547
NFPA 70 (NEC)
NFPA 70E

Question 199 of 401

What has a practical working limit of 100m?

Serial communications
Modbus
Fiber
Cu Ethernet

Question 200 of 401

Sensitive control wires should be_________.

Run parallel and perpendicular to power cables
Run perpendicular to power cables
Avoided
Oversized

Question 201 of 401

The CellWatch battery monitoring system monitors

Array total voltage
Current
Individual cell voltages
All the above

Question 202 of 401

A challenge with microgrid control installation is that they typically utilize

A single communication protocol
Multiple communication protocols
Ethernet communications
Wireless networking

Question 203 of 401

Ethernet cabling must be terminated in a specific pair order

True
False

Question 204 of 401

CAN bus and Modbus are examples of

Balancing circuits
Communication protocols
Ethernet communications
Battery management systems

Question 205 of 401

Balancing circuitry is often used for

Wet cells
AGMs
Lithium
Both a and c

Question 206 of 401

In ESM systems, fiber optics are often used to

Reject electrical interference
Extend communication distance
Decrease installation labor
Increase bandwidth

Question 207 of 401

A shielded cable should have the shield terminated and grounded

At one end
At both ends
At every device
None, it should be floated

Question 208 of 401

The best shield to prevent interference in a BMS is

Foil shield
Braid shield
Multi-shield (foil and braid)
Vinyl shield

Question 209 of 401

Electrical interference to control wiring in a BMS can be

Signal interference – EMI/RFI
Self-induced interference including ground loops
Heat, which degrades the signal
Both a and b

Question 210 of 401

Both Ethernet and RS 485 wiring can be used in a BMS.

True
False

Question 211 of 401

Wiring interfaces for a BMS often include

CAT5e
Shielded twisted pair
Custom harnesses
All of the above

Question 212 of 401

Grounding is done by

Connecting the grounding system with zero potential
Connecting the grounding system with live supply
Connecting the grounding system with Earth
Connecting the grounding system with another close by system

Question 213 of 401

A 24-volt Pb VRLA battery string is positively grounded. What conductor will the disconnect break?

Positive
Negative
Neutral
All of the above

Question 214 of 401

Which of the following is true?

The term “ground” is defined as the earth
The earth is a very poor current carrying conductor
The earth is included in an electrical grounding circuit
All of the above

Question 215 of 401

In an ungrounded (floating) PV system, which conductor(s) is (are) switched when disconnected?

Positive
Negative
Equipment ground
Positive and negative

Question 216 of 401

System grounding limits voltages imposed by

Unintentional contact
Lightning
Line surges
All of the above

Question 217 of 401

Which organization provides minimum safety requirements that are intended to protect persons and property from hazards associated with the use of electricity?

OSHA
FCC
NFPA
IEEE

Question 218 of 401

Which of the following is necessary for safe electrical installations?

Grounding
Bonding
Both a. and b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 219 of 401

Which of the following must be bonded together and connected to ground to enhance the safety of an electrical installation?

Current carrying parts
Non-current carrying parts
Both a. and b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 220 of 401

Grounding is done to limit hazardous ______ exposure.

Voltage
EMI
Thermal
Charge

Question 221 of 401

Bonding is accomplished when _______

Two conductive objects are connected together by metal conduit or wire bonding jumpers
Two non-conductive objects are connected together by metal conduit or wire bonding jumpers
One conductive and one non-conductive object are connected together by metal conduit or wire bonding jumpers
All of the above

Question 222 of 401

A grounded conductor is forced to take on _____ potential as ground (Earth).

A greater
The same
A lower
No

Question 223 of 401

A conductive body extending the ground connection ________

Can be a bonding conductor
Can be a grounding electrode conductor (GEC)
Can be an equipment grounding conductor (EGC)
All of the above

Question 224 of 401

The purpose of grounding and bonding is to construct _________.

An effective ground-fault current path
A series circuit path
A parallel circuit path
All of the above

Question 225 of 401

Bonding equipment establishes _________ potential difference(s) between conductive parts, which result in continuity throughout the grounding system.

Little
No
Great
Both a. and b.

Question 226 of 401

Which of the following can be used to create a bond?

EMT connectors
Bonding jumpers
Electrical fittings
All of the above

Question 227 of 401

DC systems must be ________

Marked to indicate the grounding type at the source
Marked to indicate the grounding source at the first system disconnect
Marked in a way suitable for the environment in which they are located
All of the above

Question 228 of 401

For a two-wire dc system, what is the voltage range required for the system to be grounded.

50V-70V
30V-70V
50V-300V
100V-500V

Question 229 of 401

What is the maximum circuit ampere value which doesn’t require system grounding for a dc system per 2020 NEC 250.162(A)?

0.3 Amperes
0.03 Amperes
0.003 Amperes
3.0 Amperes

Question 230 of 401

Section 250.4(A)(5) Effective Ground-Fault Current Path of the NEC states that:

The path for current must be low impedance for overcurrent protection devices
The path must be capable of carrying the maximum fault current likely to be imposed
The earth shall not be considered as part of the path
All of the above

Question 231 of 401

Section 250.4(B) Ungrounded Systems, of the NEC covers

Systems that are grounded
Systems that are not grounded
Both a. and b.
Neither a. nor b.

Question 232 of 401

The NEC requires _________ when a phase-to-ground fault event happens on ungrounded systems.

An inverter
A disconnect
ground-fault indication
All of the above

Question 233 of 401

The NEC provides bonding requirements for conductive materials that are ________.

Foreign to the electrical equipment
Part of the electrical equipment
Part of the grounding system
All of the above

Question 234 of 401

The NEC states that dc systems

Shall comply with Part VII and the other sections of Article 250 not specifically intended for ac systems
Shall comply with all sections of Article 250
Are exempt from Article 250
Are to be treated exactly like ac systems

Question 235 of 401

Grounding in a three-wire dc system occurs from the

Positive
Neutral
Negative
Insulator

Question 236 of 401

When a dc system is on the premises, where can the grounding electrode conductor be located?

At the source
At the first system disconnect or overcurrent protection device
At a location that provides equivalent protection as to the source
All of the above

Question 237 of 401

For DC systems Section 250 of the NEC addresses

Electrode conductor sizing
Location of the grounding conductor
Bonding requirements
All of the above

Question 238 of 401

For dc systems, the grounding electrode conductor connection is not permitted to be made at individual services or any other point on the premises wiring if _______

The source is on the premises
The source is not on the premises
The source exceeds 250 volts
The source is not the grid

Question 239 of 401

A grounding electrode conductor (GEC) for a dc system shall be continuous.

True
False

Question 240 of 401

A dc system bonding jumper

Is required to connect to the grounded conductor of the system
Has to be no less in size than the system grounding electrode conductor
Must be copper or some other corrosion resistant conductor
All of the above

Question 241 of 401

Modbus RTU serial cabling typically requires what at the end of the line?

Slave controller
Control power supply
Copper converter
Termination resistor

Question 242 of 401

PC-based site control systems often use a network switch and which type of cabling between devices?

Line voltage
Twisted pair
Ethernet
Serial

Question 243 of 401

Site controllers can be PC or PLC based

True
False

Question 244 of 401

A BMS balancing type where energy is transferred between cells and therefore is not wasted is called what?

Dissipative (passive)
Nondissipative (active)
Static
Terminal

Question 245 of 401

A BMS balances batteries by removing charge from the most-full cells to leave room for charging or adding resistances so the others can catch up.

True
False

Question 246 of 401

Managing charge and discharge is accomplished by a BMS through monitoring key variables and activating input signals based on them.

True
False

Question 247 of 401

Protecting batteries installed in a series string by a BMS is harder because cell voltages do not always divide equally among the string, causing SOCs to vary.

True
False

Question 248 of 401

What are the functions of BMS systems?

Cell protection
Management of charge/discharge
Balancing
All of the above

Question 249 of 401

Common types of manufacturers specifications for control and communication wiring include

DC cabling diagrams and specifications
Communication diagrams and specifications
Installation sequences
All of the above

Question 250 of 401

Which of the following protects the microgrid’s systems health and local operational specifications?

Site control loops
Operational layer
Market layer
Long-term projections

Question 251 of 401

Out of the following options, which one is not a part of BMS systems and controls

Inverter/charger
Cell balancing circuits
Control algorithms
Generator fuel level

Question 252 of 401

Under what circumstances will a BMS issue a “battery cannot accept charge” or “battery cannot deliver charge” signal to the inverter.

Contactor open
Cell upper voltage limit
Pack discharge current limit
Both b and c

Question 253 of 401

What is the full-form of CAN Bus?

Controller Area Network Bus
Compound Array Network Bus
Communication Area Network Bus
Common Alert Network Bus

Question 254 of 401

What are the key values in monitoring BMS systems?

Pack current and voltage
Status of contactors
Cell temperature
All the above

Question 255 of 401

Electrical safety during an ESS installation is addressed by:

OSHA 1910
OSHA 1926
NFPA 70E
IEEE 1145

Question 256 of 401

Space about battery systems must comply with working space required by NEC 110.26.

True
False

Question 257 of 401

Identify the over-current protection devices from the following options:

Fused dc Disconnect
Switch
Breaker
Both a and c

Question 258 of 401

Considering the installation of ESSs, which of the following takes precedence in the hierarchy?

Product (Equipment) Certification (UL)
Quality, Performance, Workmanship Standards (NEIS)
Legally Adopted Electrical Codes and Standards (NEC, NFPA 70E)
All of the above

Question 259 of 401

Which of the following governs ESS electrical safety, emergency shutoff, workspace, electrical connections/installation on the customer side of the meter?

IEEE C2
NFPA 70 and 70E
IEC 60529
UL 96A

Question 260 of 401

Spill containment, neutralizing and disposal is governed by which of the following?

NFPA 1
IPC and IFP
IEEE 1578
All of the above

Question 261 of 401

Which of the following covers safety for ESSs installations?

NFPA 70E
ASME TES(c)-1
UL 9540
IEEE 1547

Question 262 of 401

Safe energy storage equipment, installations, and systems pertain to:

Building occupants
Building envelopes and fire suppression systems
Installers and maintainers of ESSs
All of the above

Question 263 of 401

In the event of an emergency relating to an ESS, who oversees the response?

First responders
Building occupants
Building owner
Installers

Question 264 of 401

Which of the following covers direct current microgrids?

NFPA 70, Article 706
NFPA 70, Article 710
NFPA 70, Article 712
NFPA 70, Article 480

Question 265 of 401

Cables used in ESS systems installed in buildings must comply with NEC classifications

True
False

Question 266 of 401

NFPA 70, Article 710 states that all ESS equipment shall be listed and labeled or field labeled for its intended use.

True
False

Question 267 of 401

The best reference for ESS special conditions can be found in NFPA 70:

Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7

Question 268 of 401

The controls for an Energy Management System are capable of:

Connecting/disconnecting electric power
Increasing electric power
Decreasing electric power
All of the above

Question 269 of 401

Which of the following is not part of an Energy Management System?

Monitor
Controller
Storage battery
Communications equipment

Question 270 of 401

Energy Management Systems are designed so that they can override any alternate power sources for fire pumps, health care facilities, emergency systems, legally required standby systems and critical operations power systems.

True
False

Question 271 of 401

NEIS describes specific installation practices that go beyond the minimum safety requirements found in the NEC.

True
False

Question 272 of 401

Recommended practice for maintaining ESS can be found in:

NECA 416
NECA 417
NECA 460
NECA 480

Question 273 of 401

Workspace requirements for a battery installation are prescribed by:

The battery manufacturer
OSHA
NFPA
All of the above

Question 274 of 401

What are the causes for internal short circuiting in Lithium-ion battery?

Thermal abuse
Separator failure
External fire
External short

Question 275 of 401

Which of the following precautions should be taken when working around batteries?

Never smoke near batteries
Never wear metal jewelry
Never place objects on a battery
All of the above

Question 276 of 401

Which of the following causes electrolyte leakage in a Li-ion battery?

Thermal runaway
Puncture of cell
Crack in the cell
All of the above

Question 277 of 401

Which of the following may cause thermal runaway in a Li-ion battery?

Excessive charge and discharge rates
Puncture or damage of cell casing
Short circuiting
All of the above

Question 278 of 401

Li-ion batteries may create thermal injury hazards caused by overheating.

True
False

Question 279 of 401

Overvoltage in Li-ion batteries may cause electrolyte decomposition leading to thermal runaway.

True
False

Question 280 of 401

Li-ion battery hazard signs include:

Damaged or distorted cells, packs or modules
Corrosion
Visible leakage of electrolyte
All of the above

Question 281 of 401

Li-ion battery “don’ts” include:

Do not charge cells, blocks or packs without a proper charger having a Li-ion algorithm
Do not continue using the battery and/or charger if the pack temperature rises more than 10 deg. C (18 deg. F) on a regular charge
Do not charge below 0 deg. C (freezing)
All of the above

Question 282 of 401

What is a physical hazard for vented lead acid?

Weight
Arch Flash
Fire
Thermal Runaway

Question 283 of 401

Which of the following is an electrical hazard associated with battery energy storage systems?

Shock
Arc flash
Arc blast
All of the above

Question 284 of 401

A hazard posed by lead-acid batteries is:

Hydrogen gas, produced by charging, which is a by-product that is explosive
Sulfuric acid, which is corrosive and can burn skin
Hydrogen sulfide, caused by overcharging, which is highly flammable and toxic
All the above

Question 285 of 401

Lead-acid battery hazard signs include:

Damage to the case causing leakage of electrolyte
Damage to terminals caused by mis-handling
Low electrolyte level
All the above

Question 286 of 401

When planning ahead for locating and installing a battery rack one could install the following in case of electrolyte leakage or spills:

A floor drain
Mats or pillows that contain absorption and neutralization materials
A rack with casters so it can be moved easily
All of the above

Question 287 of 401

Electrolyte danger associated with lead-acid batteries is primarily caused by spills. These can occur when:

A battery is dropped
A battery is cracked during shipping
A battery is handled improperly and tips over
All of the above

Question 288 of 401

The general inspection of batteries and the location of installation should address:

Abnormal battery area ambient temperature
Electrolyte leakage or presence of electrolyte on cell covers
Cracked cells or flame arrestors
All of the above

Question 289 of 401

If one notices broken lead-acid batteries which of the following procedures should be followed

Appropriate PPE should be donned
Broken batteries should be removed from pallet and stored according to manufacturer’s instructions
Any spills should be contained and cleaned up
All of the above

Question 290 of 401

If one notices damaged Li-ion batteries which of the following procedures should be followed

Appropriate PPE should be donned
Do not attempt to disassemble the battery
Contact the manufacturer for safe handling and disposable information
All of the above

Question 291 of 401

Batteries present risks due to chemical and physical hazards in addition to electrical hazards.

True
False

Question 292 of 401

Applying charge to an over-discharged Li-ion battery can result in overheating and fire.

True
False

Question 293 of 401

Overvoltage of Li-ion batteries may

Cause mechanical failure
Cause internal shorting
Cause electrolyte decomposition leading to thermal runaway
All of the above

Question 294 of 401

Excessive charge and discharge rates to Li-ion batteries may cause

Overheating resulting in thermal injury
Arcing
Loss of charge
All of the above

Question 295 of 401

Excessive charge and discharge rates to Li-ion batteries may cause

Electrolyte leakage
Thermal runaway
Galvanic corrosion
All of the above

Question 296 of 401

Which of the following batteries requires rewatering?

Vented lead-acid
Sealed lead-acid
Lithium-ion
All of the above

Question 297 of 401

Which of the following poses a chemical hazard in lead acid batteries?

Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Hydrogen gas
Lead

Question 298 of 401

Which of the following is the most common cause of formation of gas bubbles in a lead acid battery?

Electrolyte spill
Normal operation
Heavy charging
Heavy discharging

Question 299 of 401

Overcharging a lead-acid battery may produce:

Lead alloy, which is toxic
Lead acid, which is caustic
Hydrogen sulfide gas, which is highly flammable and toxic
All of the above

Question 300 of 401

The safety diamond represents:

Liquids and gases with flash points below 73 deg. F and boiling point above 100 deg. F.
All liquids, solids, and semi-solids with flash points at or above 200 deg. F.
Corrosive chemical hazard
Materials that will not burn in air at 1500 deg. F under 5 minutes

Question 301 of 401

The safety diamond represents:

Liquids and gases with flash points below 73 deg. F and boiling point above 100 deg. F.
All liquids, solids, and semi-solids with flash points at or above 200 deg. F.
All liquids with a flash point above 100 deg. F and below 200 deg. F that give off vapors.
Materials that will not burn in air at 1500 deg. F under 5 minutes

Question 302 of 401

Battery acid is highly flammable:

True
False

Question 303 of 401

In lead-acid chemistry, hydrogen is most likely present during:

Float charge
Discharge
Equalization
Always

Question 304 of 401

Thermal runaway is a common concern for

VRLA
Lithium
AGM
All of the above

Question 305 of 401

Passive ventilation can be used, but is not always sufficient, for vented (flooded) batteries that discharge hydrogen.

True
False

Question 306 of 401

Which of the following present a fire risk from a Li-ion battery?

Electrolyte, which is flammable
Moisture contacting lithium
Overvoltage resulting in cell damage
All of the above

Question 307 of 401

Which of the following present a fire risk from a lead-acid battery?

Hydrogen gas, which is the by-product of charging or storing
Hydrogen sulfide gas, which is a by-product of overcharging and battery decomposition
Shorted terminals, caused by mis-handling
All of the above

Question 308 of 401

It is safe to charge a lithium battery without a high voltage cutoff.

True
False

Question 309 of 401

Lithium chemistry has a low voltage threshold at around _________ volts per cell, typically.

1.2
2.5
0.8
3.7

Question 310 of 401

Lithium chemistry is susceptible to thermal runaway from:

Over voltage
Over discharge and subsequent recharge
Over heating
All the above

Question 311 of 401

Ventilation requirements for lithium batteries have been established by:

OSHA 1910.178g2
NEC 706.10(A)
IEE 1635
Ventilation of gas is not typically required for lithium cells.

Question 312 of 401

Vaporized lead exposure is a chemical hazard when working in a battery room.

True
False

Question 313 of 401

Some activities require PPE rated for both arc flash and chemical exposure

True
False

Question 314 of 401

Chemical PPE is not required when performing activities that do not involve handling electrolyte such as:

Specific gravity reading with bulb hydrometer
Specific gravity measurement with modern density meter
Racking vented batteries
All the above

Question 315 of 401

Under normal circumstances, lithium batteries have no associated chemical risks

True
False

Question 316 of 401

Rain gear can be used to protect from chemical spills without being evaluated per ASTM1296

True
False

Question 317 of 401

Chemical PPE is required when racking AGM batteries

True
False

Question 318 of 401

Common PPE to protect against chemical hazards presented by batteries does not include:

Acid resistant gloves and apron
Face shield
Boots with acid resistant soles
FR/Arc rated jacket/coat and pants

Question 319 of 401

Selecting the appropriate PPE for a battery installation can be done by utilizing a PPE flow chart to determine:

Chemical hazards
Arc flash/shock risks
Thermal hazards
All of the above

Question 320 of 401

Which of the following PPE should be used when placing wet cell batteries in racks?

Insulating blanket
Non-conductive tools
Chemical resistant gloves
All of the above

Question 321 of 401

Which of the following is not PPE required for handling and racking lead-acid, wet-cell batteries?

Acid resistant gloves
Acid resistant apron
Goggles or face shield
Respirator

Question 322 of 401

One should never work on installing vented lead-acid batteries unless an eye wash station or kit is in proximity.

True
False

Question 323 of 401

The most common danger from a wet cell battery is sulfuric acid, one of its electrolyte components.

True
False

Question 324 of 401

Splash proof goggles are required when working with electrolyte while wearing a face shield

True
False

Question 325 of 401

When working on lead-acid batteries or with acids, which of the following is required first aid and emergency equipment?

Eye wash station
Drench shower
Spill kit
All of the above

Question 326 of 401

When working on lead-acid batteries or with acids, which of the following is needed according to OSHA 1926?

Hard hat
Safety glasses
Face shield or chemical goggles
All of the above

Question 327 of 401

What PPE should be used to deal with chemical hazards?

Acid resistant gloves
Arch flash clothing
Apron (acid resistant)
Both a and c

Question 328 of 401

Performing voltage testing on a battery energy storage system is justified energized work.

True
False

Question 329 of 401

The determination of short circuit current is necessary in order to use Table 130.7(C)(15)(b) of NFPA 70E. The arcing current is calculated at ___% of the dc short-circuit value.

2021 70E Table 130.5(C)

2021 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(b)

10
25
50
100

Question 330 of 401

The formula for performing a dc incident energy analysis can be found in what NFPA 70E informative annex?

A
B
C
D

Question 331 of 401

You are taking a current reading on a 48Vnom UPS system on an intercell connector, what arc-flash category PPE should you wear?

2021 70E Table 130.5(C)

2021 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(b)

No arc-flash PPE required
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4

Question 332 of 401

You are performing voltage testing of a single battery in a 480Vnom string with available fault current of 2kA, what arc-flash category PPE should you wear?

2021 70E Table 130.5(C)

2021 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(b)

No arc-flash PPE required
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4

Question 333 of 401

You are performing maintenance on a single cell in an open rack. The array is 220Vnom with a bolted fault current of 2.3kA, what arc-flash category PPE should you wear?

2021 70E Table 130.5(C)

2021 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(b)

No arc-flash PPE required
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4

Question 334 of 401

If NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)15(b) “Arc-Flash PPE Categories for Direct Current (dc) Systems” cannot be used, what must be performed to select PPE?

A call to the manufacturer
An incident energy analysis
A load study
A coordination study

Question 335 of 401

NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)15(b) “Arc-Flash PPE Categories for Direct Current (dc) Systems” cannot be used for systems with voltages greater than:

2021 70E Table 130.5(C)

2021 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(b)

100
240
600
1000

Question 336 of 401

When no OCPD is in place or the fault clearing time is unknown, the arc duration is assumed to be __________ in NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)15(b) for dc arc flash PPE categories.

2 cycles
0.2 seconds
2 seconds
20 seconds

Question 337 of 401

Category 3 PPE for arc flash and shock risk includes clothing with a minimum incident energy rating of:

4 cal/cm2
8 cal/cm2
25 cal/cm2
40 cal/cm2

Question 338 of 401

Which of the following is not listed as Category 1 PPE for arc flash and shock risk?

Arc rated clothing such as shirt, pants and coverall
Heavy duty leather gloves
Leather footwear
Balaclava

Question 339 of 401

Justifications for work involving electrical hazards include:

Additional hazards or increased risk including deactivation of alarm systems or shutdown of hazardous location ventilation
Equipment design is such that work can only be performed while the system is energized
Both a and b
Neither a nor b

Question 340 of 401

Adding a circuit breaker to a battery energy storage system is justified energized work.

True
False

Question 341 of 401

A field-expedient neutralizing agent is ______.

Cat litter
Baking Soda
Coca-cola
Vinegar

Question 342 of 401

What typically indicates the completion of a neutralization method?

A color change
A reduction in bubbles
A temperature increase
A and B

Question 343 of 401

In case of sulfuric acid contact with clothing or material one should _______.

Remove contaminated clothing
Apply a solution of sodium bicarbonate (1.0 lb/1.0 gal or 0.5 kg/5.0 liters of water) on clothing or material
Rinse with clean water
All of the above

Question 344 of 401

The best place to secure emergency and first aid procedures in the event of an emergency involving batteries is from:

References from OSHA documents
References from IEEE documents
References from NECA documents
SDS provided by the manufacturer

Question 345 of 401

A neutralizing agent, rubber gloves and containment bag are part of a _________.

Battery shipping container
Battery spill kit
Battery charging kit
All of the above

Question 346 of 401

For large spills of concentrated sulfuric acid what may be required before a neutralizing agent is introduced?

Nothing, neutralize immediately
Evacuation of hydrogen gas
Notification of AHJ
Dilution

Question 347 of 401

A spill kit can be used to:

Neutralize electrolyte
Absorb electrolyte
Contain electrolyte
All of the above

Question 348 of 401

Article 130.5 states that it is acceptable to use the results of an incident energy analysis to specify the Arc Flash PPE Category from Table 130.7(C)(16).

True
False

Question 349 of 401

When performing a job hazard analysis what is the hierarchy of risk control order?

Administrative controls first, engineering controls second, PPE selection last
Engineering controls first, administrative controls second, PPE selection last
PPE selection first, administrative controls second, engineering controls last
PPE selection first, engineering controls second, administrative controls last

Question 350 of 401

When performing a job hazard analysis which of the following is not an engineering controls issue?

Ventilation required
Racks and trays to be used
Floors construction
PPE selection

Question 351 of 401

When performing a job hazard analysis which of the following is not an administrative controls issue?

Job briefing
Battery location
Evacuation plan
Identify personnel needed

Question 352 of 401

What type of hazard is created when two workers remove damaged Li-ion modules from a system?

Chemical
Electrical
Fire
Both b and c

Question 353 of 401

When performing a job hazard analysis, one should:

Prepare for what is likely to happen
Plan for what might happen if something goes wrong
Have Fire/Rescue/HazMat crews on stand-by if necessary
All of the above

Question 354 of 401

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that electrical safety requirements for practical safeguarding employees while working with exposed stationary storage must be applied when direct current voltage exceeds:

50 volts
100 volts
240 volts
280 volts

Question 355 of 401

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that a battery risk assessment shall be performed to identify:

Chemical hazards
Electrical shock hazards
Arc flash hazards
All of the above

Question 356 of 401

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that it is ok to wear metal jewelry such as a watch or ring as long as it is covered by insulated rubber or leather gloves.

True
False

Question 357 of 401

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that chemical hazards produced by batteries include the potential of explosive gas; therefore, smoking in this working environment is prohibited.

True
False

Question 358 of 401

NFPA 70E, Article 320 states that tools and equipment shall be:

Equipped with handles listed as insulated for maximum working voltage
Clear of unintended contact
Non-sparking
All of the above

Question 359 of 401

Article 130.5 states that an arc flash risk assessment shall determine:

Appropriate ESWP
The arc flash boundary
Appropriate PPE to be used within the AFB
All of the above

Question 360 of 401

NFPA 70E 110.6(A)(1) states that employees do not have to be trained on an appropriate test instrument to verify the absence of voltage if a battery energy storage system is locked out and tagged out.

True
False

Question 361 of 401

Work space requirements around battery energy storage systems must comply with those required by NFPA 70 (NEC) 110.26.

True
False

Question 362 of 401

Exposure to current above ______ can be life threatening.

0.4 ma
2 ma
3 ma
9 ma

Question 363 of 401

NFPA 70E provides the prescriptive components to meet OSHA performance-based requirements.

True
False

Question 364 of 401

Moveable or fixed conductors and circuit parts changes the _ boundary, but not the boundary.

Restricted approach; limited approach
Limited approach; restricted approach
Both unaffected
Both affected

Question 365 of 401

Incident energy increases as the distance from arc fault decreases; therefore, increased PPE may be needed.

True
False

Question 366 of 401

_______ is defined as a combination of the likelihood of occurrence of injury or damage to health and the severity of injury or damage to health that results from a hazard.

Exposure
Risk
Safety
Awareness

Question 367 of 401

What is the LAST CHOICE when mitigating risk caused by an unsafe work environment?

Elimination
Substitution
Engineering controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Question 368 of 401

NFPA 70E 110.6(A)(1) Qualified Person states that in addition to Article 110 general requirements for ESRWP workers shall also be familiar with:

Precautionary techniques
PPE, insulating/shielding materials
Insulated tools
All of the above

Question 369 of 401

2021 NFPA 70e Article 110 General Requirements for ESRWP states that all licensed electricians may use test instruments such as a voltage detector, multimeter or amprobe when working on a battery energy storage system.

True
False

Question 370 of 401

NFPA 70E Section 110.4 Energized Work states that work on an energized system can be justified if the voltage is less than ______ if capacity of source and OCPD plus exposure to arc flash are considered and there is no increased exposures to burns or explosions.

48 volts
50 volts
100 volts
120 volts

Question 371 of 401

An energized electrical work permit is not required if the battery energy storage system is properly maintained, properly installed, has doors closed and secured, and presents no evidence of pending failure.

True
False

Question 372 of 401

Which of the following is not determined by a shock risk assessment performed for an energized electrical work permit?

Amperage
LAB
RAB
Necessary PPE

Question 373 of 401

A qualified person may escort unqualified persons inside a LAB and inside a RAB.

True
False

Question 374 of 401

At what voltage is arc flash PPE required for work on direct current systems?

Above 50V
Below 100V
Below 50V
Above 100V

Question 375 of 401

The minimum acceptable PPE and precautions for thermal hazard shall include:

Thermal hand protection
Safety glasses
No jewelry
All of the above

Question 376 of 401

According to NFPA 70E Section 110.4 Energized Work, additional hazards or increased risks include:

Interruption of life support equipment
Deactivation of emergency alarm systems
Shutdown of hazardous location ventilation
All of the above

Question 377 of 401

Article 130.2(C) states that Exemptions to Work Permits can be given to qualified persons following ESWP and PPE:

If they are testing, troubleshooting or measuring voltage
If they need access, but are not performing electrical work provided they not cross RAB
If they are performing housekeeping tasks provided they not cross RAB
All of the above

Question 378 of 401

Article 130.4(F) states that a qualified person may escort an unqualified person inside RAB if AFB is considered.

True
False

Question 379 of 401

A work plan should be created to minimize the amount of work that is done requiring PPE.

True
False

Question 380 of 401

NFPA 70E 320.3(A)(1) states the energy threshold for dc systems is ______ volts.

48
50
100
240

Question 381 of 401

NEC 480.7(C) states that battery circuits, where exceeding ________ nominal between conductors and ground, shall have provisions to disconnect the series-strings into segments.

50 volts
120 volts
240 volts
480 volts

Question 382 of 401

Article 130 Work Involving Electrical Hazards allows exemptions to energized work permits for qualified persons:

If only testing, troubleshooting and voltage measuring are to be performed
If access/egress requires no electrical work and restricted area boundary RAB is not crossed
Work is defined as housekeeping and restricted area boundary RAB is not crossed
All of the above

Question 383 of 401

A qualified person may escort an unqualified person inside both a limited approach boundary (LAB) and restricted approach boundary (RAB).

True
False

Question 384 of 401

The restricted approach boundary (RAB) for dc exposure at 480 volts is:

1 foot
3 feet, six inches
7 feet
Varies depending on the temperature

Question 385 of 401

Strict adherence to 70E RAB distances meets OSHA requirements for exposure to shock in all instances.

True
False

Question 386 of 401

In order to perform a shock risk assessment, one needs to _______.

Determine voltage
Determine the PPE required
Determine boundary requirements
All of the above

Question 387 of 401

In order to limit arc flash and shock hazards during the installation of a BMS, control wiring should take place ________.

In segmented battery arrays
Wearing appropriate PPE
By trained and qualified personnel
All of the above

Question 388 of 401

Non-insulated (standard) tools can be used on segmented battery arrays.

True
False

Question 389 of 401

PPE is not required for electrically segmenting of a battery array.

True
False

Question 390 of 401

What typically has a greater fault current?

A PV module
An ESS battery
Same
Depends on temperature

Question 391 of 401

When terminating dc feeders, which end should be landed last?

Array side
OCPD side
It does not matter
Depends on grounding

Question 392 of 401

In a completed system undergoing troubleshooting, which conductor should be removed first if possible and not required for electrical testing?

Grounded
Ungrounded
It does not matter
The one with expected damage

Question 393 of 401

You should always wear the highest-rated arc-flash PPE you have available.

True
False

Question 394 of 401

If a dc feeder between a battery array and disconnect needs to be removed, what end should be removed first?

Battery
Disconnect
Does not matter
Depends on grounding

Question 395 of 401

When are voltage rated tools required by NFPA 70E?

When working within the limited approach boundary (LAB)
When working within the restricted arc boundary (RAB)
At all times when working in the proximity of live battery systems
When personal protective equipment (PPE) is not required

Question 396 of 401

When an arc flash hazard exists, a risk assessment must be performed to determine:

Electrical safe work practices
Arc flash boundary
Necessary personal protective equipment (PPE)
All of the above

Question 397 of 401

How can the exact available short circuit current values be determined for a battery energy storage system?

Calculate from individual batteries
Contact OSHA
Contact manufacturer
Contact NECA

Question 398 of 401

According to Article 110.4(C) work on equipment operating at less than 50-volts does not need to be de-energized if it is determined there is no additional increased exposure to electrical burns or explosion due to electric arcs.

True
False

Question 399 of 401

The heat created in an arcing fault is determined by:

Arcing current and clearing time/arc duration
Voltage increase
Resistance created
All of the above

Question 400 of 401

In addition to information listed in Tables provided by industry codes and standards, as well as manufacturers’ recommendations, hazard identification such as ___________ is important in identifying arc flash and arc fault risk.

Overheating or arcing
Loose or bound equipment parts
Visible damage or deterioration
All of the above

Question 401 of 401

The arc flash boundary (AFB) may be larger than the limited approach boundary (LAB).

True
False

ESAMTAC Student Final Examination

Quiz Summary

Information

Results

Results

Categories

1. Question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a microgrid?

2. Question

Microgrids can operate in both normal mode (connected to the grid) and in islanded mode (on their own).

3. Question

A microgrid __________

4. Question

Which of the following does a microgrid not do?

5. Question

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

6. Question

Which factor is not driving demand and affecting microgrid market development?

7. Question

What mode most closely defines the microgrid’s operation in the following image?

8. Question

Which of the following images depicts a small remote microgrid system?

9. Question

Microgrids can help enable renewable energy by managing intermittency.

10. Question

Which type of microgrid is connected to a traditional utility, capable of operating in island mode, and has multiple generators and sophisticated controls?

11. Question

Which of the following is not value added by microgrids?

12. Question

Which type of microgrid has multiple generators, substantial distribution and sophisticated controls which enable it to be connected to a traditional utility, but also operate independently in island mode?

13. Question

Which of the following is contributing to the expected trajectory of the microgrid market?

14. Question

Other sources of electrical generation technologies for microgrids include

15. Question

Microgrids are considered sustainable when their energy sources are renewable.

16. Question

Interactive inverter power ratings are based on:

17. Question

Smart inverters are capable of:

18. Question

In an ac-coupled system, ______

19. Question

Which of these inverters can be used in a grid-connected and islanded mode?

20. Question

When installing a combined heat and power (CHP) microturbine

21. Question

Which of the following is not an electrical output variable of a combined heat and power (CHP) microturbine?

22. Question

Distributed generation reciprocating engines used for combined heat and power generation have a greater electrical output range than gas turbine engines.

23. Question

Combined heat and power gas turbines:

24. Question

Combined heat and power systems

25. Question

The components of a typical fuel cell include an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte membrane.

26. Question

Fuel cells can directly produce ac energy without being connected to an inverter.

27. Question

Lead-acid batteries with thicker plates and larger acid volume are typically for:

28. Question

Which of the following show promise for battery energy storage systems within microgrids?

29. Question

The efficiency and output of a solar PV system is based on:

30. Question

Which of the following will an inverter/charger not do?

31. Question

An ESS is commonly referred to in what units?

32. Question

Lithium ESS batteries need to have a float charge cycle.

33. Question

List the components of a battery system from smallest to largest.

34. Question

Name the smallest component of an electrochemical energy storage system (battery) that stores chemical energy.

35. Question

Which of the following is the most common voltage for batteries comprising a small UPS energy storage system?

36. Question

Which of the following is not a typical component of a battery cell?

37. Question

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal voltage of each cell.

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate the nominal capacity of each cell.

A battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with a system nominal voltage 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity 124.8 AH. Calculate total energy capacity of the array.

An battery array is constructed of 144 series modules of 48 parallel LiCoO₂ cells (18650s) with system nominal voltage of 532 Vdc and system nominal capacity of 124.8 AH. Calculate the current delivered at a 2C rate.